King Abdullah

Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud born 1 August 1924)^[3]^[4]^[5] is the King of Saudi Arabia. He ascended to the throne on 1 August 2005 upon the death of his half-brother, King Fahd. Abdullah, like Fahd, was one of the many sons of Ibn Saud, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia. Abdullah has held important political posts throughout most of his adult life. In 1961 he became mayor of Mecca, his first public office.^[6] And, in 1962, he was appointed commander of the Saudi Arabian National Guard, a post he was still holding when he became king. He also served as deputy defense minister and was named crown prince when Fahd took the throne in 1982. After King Fahd suffered a serious stroke in 1995, Abdullah became the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia until claiming the throne a decade later.

Abdullah is the sixth king of oil-rich Saudi Arabia, thus controlling 18% of the world's oil. As of 2013 the kingdom boasts a GDP of over $900 billion making it among the 20 richest countries worldwide. The kingdom has been categorized as a high-income economy along with high human development. Abdullah has during his regime maintained close relations with United States and Britain and bought billions of dollars worth of defense equipment from both states.^[7] Abdullah has also pushed toward more rights for women in the kingdom by giving them the right to vote and to compete in the Olympics.^[8] Furthermore, Abdullah successfully maintained the status quo during the waves of protest in the kingdom during the Arab Spring.^[9] In November 2013, a BBC report claimed that Saudi Arabia could obtain nuclear weapons at will from Pakistan due to a long-standing relationship.^[10]The King has already outlived two of his crown princes. Conservative Interior Minister Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud was named heir to the throne on the death of Sultan bin Abdulaziz in October 2011, but Nayef himself died in June 2012. Abdullah then named the more liberal 76-year-old defense minister, Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, as crown prince. According to a 2001 report, Abdullah "has four wives, seven sons, and 15 daughters".

Early life

Abdullah was born on 1 August 1924. He is the tenth son of King Abdulaziz.^[13] His mother, Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim was a member of Al Rashid, longtime rivals of the Al Saud.^[14]^[15] She was descended from the powerful Shammar tribe and was the daughter of former Shammar tribe chief, Asi Shuraim.^[16] She died when Abdullah was six.^[17] He has younger full-sisters.^[17]Madawi al Rasheed argues that his maternal roots and his experience of an early speech impediment led to delay in his rise to higher status among the other sons of King Abdulaziz.^[18]

Commander of National Guard

In 1963, Abdullah was made commander of Saudi National Guard (SANG). This post allowed him to secure his position in the House of Saud. SANG which had based on the Ikhwan became a modern army force under his command. Beginning by 1985, SANG also sponsors the Janadiriyah festival that institutionalized the traditional folk dances, camel races and tribal heritageappointed Prince Abdullah as second deputy prime minister in March 1975, a reflection of being the second in line of succession to the Saudi throne.^[19]^[20] In other words, after this appointment, Prince Abdullah became the number three-man in Saudi administration.^[21] However, his appointment caused friction in the House of Saud.^[22] Then-crown prince Prince Fahd together with his full-brothers known as Sudairi Seven supported the appointment of their own full brother, Prince Sultan.^[22] Prince Abdullah was pressured to concede control of SANG in return for his appointment as Second Deputy Prime Minister. In August 1977, this caused a debate between hundreds of princes in Riyadh.^[22] Abdullah did not concede authority of SANG because he feared that would weaken his authority.^[22]